Following this, we present a modular ontology for financial operations risks that can be used as schema for multimodal knowledge graphs to enable intelligent digital twins in finance. Our going work on this is presented in our poster https://www.researchgate.net/publication/398345815_Investigating_Multimodal_Knowledge_Graphs_as_Infrastructures_for_Digital_Twins_of_Financial_Operations_Risks Currently, the ontology focuses on two financial products - mortgage and FX. (Get in touch if you want to collaborate on its extension)
The ontology was validated using two complementary methods, ontology pitfall scanner (OOPS!) to evaluate the ontology’s consistency and detect modelling pitfalls, and HermiT reasoner to evaluate completeness by reasoning over the several competency questions derived in collaboration with industry.•OOPS! results: No critical issues were detected, indicating the ontology sound andconsistent. Reasoning-based completeness: Using HermiT, the ontology successfully answered all 12 competency questions, demonstrating the completeness and alignment with theintended scope| finrisk | <http://example.org/finriskFinancialRiskOntology> |
| ISO-8601 | <http://www.opengis.net/def/uom/ISO-8601/0/> |
| [Ontology NS Prefix] | <http://example.org/finrisk#FinancialRiskOntology#> |
| dcterms | <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> |
| fibo-fbc | <https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/ontology/FBC/> |
| fr | <http://example.org/finrisk#> |
| owl | <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> |
| rdf | <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> |
| rdfs | <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> |
| skos | <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> |
| swrl | <http://www.w3.org/2003/11/swrl#> |
| swrlb | <http://www.w3.org/2003/11/swrlb#> |
| time | <http://www.w3.org/2006/time#> |
| xml | <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace> |
| xsd | <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> |
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#AcceptRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Account
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#AccountStatement
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Address
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#AdjustInterestRate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#AgreementDocument
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Amortisation
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#ApplicationRejection
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#ApplicationStage
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Arrears
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#ArrearsLimitExceeded
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#ArrearsRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#AssessmentEvent
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#AssessmentReport
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Asset
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#AssetRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#AvoidRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#BadRecord
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Balance
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#BalloonAmortisation
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Bank
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#BirthCertificate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Bond
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Borrower
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#BusinessUnit
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Calculation
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Certificate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#ContractDocument
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#ContractTermination
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#ControlAction
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#CreditBalance
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#CreditCardAccount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#CreditCheck
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#CreditCheckRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#CreditScore
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Currency
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#DeathCertificate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#DebtBalance
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#DefaultNotice
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#DefaultRecoveryStage
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#DegradationInAssetValue
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#DelinquencyStatus
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#DepositAccount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Derivative
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Document
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#DocumentCheck
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#DocumentCheckRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#DriverLicence
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#DuePayment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#EarlyPayment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Stock
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Expenses
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Exposure
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#FeePayment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#FinancialExposure
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#FinancialInstrument
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#FinancialProduct
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#FinancialRecord
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#FixedAmortisation
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#FixedInterest
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#ForeclosureEvent
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#FX
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#FraudulentDocument
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Guarantor
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#HighRiskLevel
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#IdentityDocument
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Income
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#IncreaseCollateral
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#IndexedInterest
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#InsecureApplication
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#InsuranceCompany
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Interest
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#InterestOnlyAmortisation
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#InterestRateCalculation
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#InterestRateReset
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#InvestmentAccount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#InvestmentOrDepositAccount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#LatePayment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#LatePaymentEvent
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#LatePaymentRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#LedgerAccount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#LegalDocument
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Liability
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#LifeCycleStage
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#LoanAccount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#LoanOrCreditAccount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#LoanSchedule
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#LoanServicing
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Location
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#LowRiskLevel
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#MediumRiskLevel
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#MissedPayment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#MissingPaymentEvent
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#MissingPaymentRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#MitigateRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Mortgage
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#MortgageApplication
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#MortgageContract
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#MortgageRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#NegativeAmortisation
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Notice
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Occurrence
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Organisation
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Passport
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Payment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#PaymentAccount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Person
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Product
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Property
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#PropertyInspection
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#PurchaseInsurance
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Rating
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Record
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#RecordCheck
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Report
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#ReschedulePayment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Risk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#RiskAssessment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#RiskLevel
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#RiskSource
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#RiskTreatment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Role
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#ServicingStage
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Transaction
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#TransactionRecord
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Transfer
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#TransferRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#TransferOperation
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#UnderwritingStage
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#ValueAssessment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#aRiskTo
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#actionOf
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#applicantOf
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#applicationOf
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#assessedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#assesses
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#assessesRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#assetRecoveredBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#belongsTo
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#causesRiskSource
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#changedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#changes
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#closedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#closes
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#collateralOf
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#concernedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#concerns
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#controlledBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#Controls
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#coveredBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#covers
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#decreasedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#decreases
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#definedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#definesPayment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#guarantees
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasAccountHolder
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasAction
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasAmortisationType
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasApplicant
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasApplication
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasArrears
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasBalance
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasExpenses
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasGuarantor
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasID
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasIncome
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasLiability
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasLocation
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasNextStage
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasPreviousStage
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasRiskLevel
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasRiskSource
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasRole
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasStage
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#hasTreatment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#holdsAccount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#holdsCollateral
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#idOf
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#implementedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#implements
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#inStage
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#increasedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#increases
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#involves
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#isRiskOf
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#issuedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#issuedByInsurer
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#issuedByOrg
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#issues
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#levelOfRisk
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#locatedAt
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#offersProduct
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#openedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#opens
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#orgIssues
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#ownedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#owns
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#paidBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#pays
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#productOfferedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#providedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#provides
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#receivesTransfer
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#recommendsTreatment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#recoversAsset
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#requiredFor
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#requires
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#RiskAssessedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#riskCausedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#roleOf
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#signedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#signs
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#startsContract
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#stepOf
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#transfersTo
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#treatedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#treatmentRecommendedBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#triggeredBy
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#triggers
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#accountStatus
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#actualPrincipal
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#applicationID
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#applicationStatus
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#arrearsLimitCount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#assessedValueAmount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#balanceAmount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#birthDate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#branchID
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#city
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#combinedLoanToValueRatio
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#contractStatus
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#country
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#coverageAmount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#creditCheckStatus
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#currentInterest
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#debtToIncomeRatio
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#documentCheckStatus
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#downPayment
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#dueDate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#expenseAmount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#expiryDate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#firstName
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#firstPaymentDate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#idNumber
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#impact
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#incomeAmount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#interestRate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#interestStatus
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#issueDate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#lastName
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#liabilityAmount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#likelihood
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#limitCount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#loanAgeMonth
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#loanBalanceAmount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#loanID
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#loanPurpose
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#loanTermMonths
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#loanToValueRatio
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#marketValue
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#maturityDate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#missedCount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#mortgageInterestRate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#orgName
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#orgType
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#passportNumber
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#paymentDate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#paymentHistoryCode
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#paymentID
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#postalCode
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#prepayPenalty
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#principalAmount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#recordCheckStatus
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#remainingCredit
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#remainingTerm
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#requestedAmount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#requiredAmount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#riskScore
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#scheduledPrincipal
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#street
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#totalPrincipal
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#transactionAmount
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#transactionDate
IRI: http://example.org/finrisk#valuationDate
The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.